Above: The Steamboat Brand.

Above: 26th Yankee Division, 1933.

Above: Willis W. Russell Card Co, established 1905.

Above: Norwood #85, c.1909.

Above: Smart Set 400 Series appealing to the social ranks of New York’s high society.

Above: Carnival Playing Cards, New Orleans, 1925.

Above: Anheuser-Busch 1899.

Above: Russell, Morgan & Co.

Above: Parker Brothers.

Above: Warren Paper Products Co.

Above: picturesque Ace of Spades by Jazaniah Ford, c.1824, in honour of General Lafayette's visit to America. The engraved Ace shows a portrait medallion of Lafayette with an eagle, boughs of bay and oak, the flag, cannon and the maker's name.

Above: Andrew Dougherty, 1848-1930

Above: Charles Bartlet (c.1845-1860)

Above: Hard-a-Port tobacco insert cards, c.1890

Above: Circus No.47, 1896

Above: Congress No.606

Above: President Suspender, c.1905

Above: “Zoom” Airplane card game by Whitman Publishing Co., 1941

The actual manufacture of playing cards in North America is reckoned to have begun during the second half of the 18th century, although it is possible that general printers or bookbinders were producing cards before then. Edward Ryves began business making paper hangings in Philadelphia, and also advertised playing-cards in 1774. James Robertson, Jazaniah Ford, born in Milton (Massachusetts) in 1757, Amos Whitney, born in 1766, Thomas Crehore, born in 1769 and James Y. Humphreys of Philadelphia were early card-makers.

To begin with there was little difference between the early home-produced decks and those imported from England  (see example →) although gradually American Aces of Spades became more picturesque than the standard English duty Aces. In addition, the English royal crown at the top of the Ace was replaced by an American eagle, with further patriotic iconography embellishing the design. Some examples of cards manufactured by the early pioneers are represented here:

Lewis I. Cohen (1832-1860) • Andrew Dougherty (1848-1930) • Samuel Hart (1849-1871) • Charles Bartlet (c.1845-1860) • Thomas Crehor c.1850 • Strauss & Trier c.1860 • Union P. C. Co (c.1870-90) • Lawrence & Cohen (1864-71) • Perfection P.C.Co (1885-94) • Globe Card Co (1874-80) • New York Consolidated Card Company (1871-1930) • Continental Card Co., (1874-1880) • Russell & Morgan Co., (1881-1894) • National Card Co., (c.1886-1894) • Standard Playing Card Co • U.S.P.C.C. • Victor Mauger • Winters Art Lithographing Co., Chicago, 1890s • Kalamazoo P.C.Co • Russell P.C.Co • American Bank Note Co • Card Fabrique Company

Early playing cards in the traditional design had full-length court cards and no corner indices. This made them harder to read when the cards were fanned in the hand. Gradually attempts were made to overcome this problem, with various patented innovations leading to the standard double-ended playing cards we are familiar with today. American card-makers first introduced the Joker sometime during the 1860s followed shortly after by the introduction of indices, along with various technical improvements in the finished surface of playing cards which were all introduced during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Standard cards aside, the non-standard cards of the United States have been many and varied. The large and growing number of advertising decks, Transformation Cards, Political and Patriotic cards, Historical decks, Tarot and Fortune Telling cards, Tobacco insert decks. Railroad Souvenir decks, Pictorial decks, Exposition and World's Fair cards, children's card games and other Novelty playing cards are the true strength of North American playing card production. It would be impossible to fully represent them all, but a tiny sampling is shown here.

Bartlett Ackermann Transformation, 1833 • Dougherty's “Army & Navy” deck, c.1865 • Parker Brothers Inc • Clausen & Son Brewing Co • Monarch Bicycle • The Stage No.65 • The Stage, 1908 • Craddock Soap Theatrical • Hard-a-Port Tobacco • President Suspender • Movie Souvenir • Tales from the Stage • The Steamboat Story • Tigers No.101 • Army No.303 • Navy No.303 • Army & Navy No.303 • Bicycle No.808 • Bicicleta No.810 • Congress No.606 • Cabinet No.707 • Capitol No.188 • Squared Faro No.366 • Tourists No.155 • American Skat • Anheuser-Busch 1 • Anheuser-Busch 2 • Squeezers No.35 • Ivorette No.70 • Triplicate No.18 • Indicator No.50 • Cruiser No.96 • Triton No.42 • Tally-Ho No.9 • Lighthouse No.922 • De Luxe No.142 • World's Fair Souvenir • Vanity Fair Transformation • Trophy Whist No.39 • New Era No.46 • Circus No.47 • Hustling Joe • Ye Witches No.62 • Norwood No.85 • Cotton Belt Route • Cuba Souvenir • Niagara Falls Souvenir • Panama Souvenir • Peru Souvenir • 26th Yankee Division • Lawrence & Cohen • Smart Set No.400 • Russian Monarch • Historic Boston • Pyramid P.C.Co • Gibson P.C.Co • TDC Inc • Hoyle • Kismet Temple • E.E. Fairchild Co • Past-l-Eze • Hycrest Modern Royalty • Carnival Playing Cards • ARCCO • Brown & Bigelow • Submarine Playing Cards • Western P.C.Co • Kem plastic playing cards • ZByte • Self-Nurture Solitaire • Emily Arkin • Pippoglyph Playing Cards • Picture Book of Ana Cortez • Liberty Playing Cards • The Deal • Ian Roth's Unique Playing Cards • Pharaoh Palmier • Sheba • Bonnie Blue's Rummy • Renaissance Playing Cards • McDonald’s • Inky-Dinky • Maxpedition Hard-use • Politicards 2000 • Politicards 2012 • Paulson • Uusi Blue Blood

Over the years the pressures of competition and other market forces have led to many smaller manufacturers being taken over by larger ones. The outcome is that the United States Playing Card Company is now the largest manufacturer in the United States, and has inherited many brands previously owned by smaller manufacturers. At the same time there is a vibrant constituent of emerging new designers who are producing innovative designs in many different styles.

If any collector wishes to contribute images of early American cards to these pages, hi-res scans will be appreciated and acknowledged.

REFERENCES

Dawson, Tom & Judy: The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards, U.S. Games Systems Inc., 2000

Hargrave, Catherine Perry: A History of Playing Cards and a Bibliography of Cards and Gaming, Dover Publications, New York, 1966

Heriaud, Maxime: The Early Makers, Clear the Decks, Newsletter for 52plusJoker, vol.XXIX, No.4, Dec 2015.

Starling, Rod: The Art and Pleasures of Playing Cards, Xlibris Corporation, 2008, 2010

We are grateful to Rod Starling for generously sharing knowledge and images of cards and from his collection.